Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

What is Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)?

CCS is a climate change mitigation technique involving the capture of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from large sources, like power plants and factories, and storing it underground to prevent it from entering the atmosphere. This process helps reduce the concentration of greenhouse gases, which are key drivers of global warming.

Why is CCS important for fighting climate change?

CCS is critical because it allows industries that currently depend on fossil fuels to reduce their carbon footprint. Many industrial processes (such as cement and steel manufacturing) produce CO₂ as a byproduct. CCS enables these industries to continue operating while still contributing to global emissions reduction goals.

How does CCS work?

The CCS process has three main steps:

1. Capture: CO₂ is captured from emission sources, separated from other gases, and compressed.
2. Transport: Compressed CO₂ is transported to a storage site, often via pipeline.
3. Storage: CO₂ is injected into deep underground rock formations where it is trapped and isolated from the atmosphere.

What types of carbon capture technologies exist?

The main types of carbon capture technologies include:

• Post-combustion capture – captures CO₂ from exhaust gases after fuel combustion.
• Pre-combustion capture – captures CO₂ before fuel is burned, usually in hydrogen production.
• Oxy-fuel combustion – burns fuel in oxygen instead of air, producing a gas rich in CO₂, which is easier to capture.

What is Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS)?

CCUS is an extension of CCS that adds a utilization step, allowing the captured CO₂ to be reused before it is stored. This can include using CO₂ in manufacturing processes or for enhanced oil recovery. CCUS has the potential to make CCS more financially viable by generating additional revenue streams.

Is CCS safe?

Yes, when properly managed. Storage sites are chosen based on their geological properties, and they undergo extensive monitoring to ensure CO₂ remains trapped. However, projects must be continuously monitored to detect and address any potential leaks.

Where is CO₂ stored, and how secure is it?

Captured CO₂ is typically stored in deep underground rock formations such as depleted oil and gas reservoirs or saline aquifers. These formations have been tested and studied for their ability to securely contain CO₂. With proper monitoring, they can securely trap CO₂ for thousands of years.

What is the difference between CCS and Direct Air Capture (DAC)?

CCS captures CO₂ directly from emission sources like power plants. DAC, on the other hand, removes CO₂ from the ambient air. DAC can theoretically reduce the overall concentration of CO₂ in the atmosphere but is currently more expensive and energy-intensive than CCS.

What industries benefit most from CCS?

Industries that are difficult to decarbonize, such as cement, steel, and chemicals, benefit significantly from CCS because they produce CO₂ as an unavoidable byproduct. CCS can also help power generation companies, particularly those reliant on fossil fuels, to reduce emissions.

How much does CCS cost?

Costs vary depending on the technology, location, and storage method. On average, CCS costs range from $50 to $100 per ton of CO₂ captured, but ongoing innovations are expected to reduce costs over time.

How effective is CCS in reducing emissions?

CCS can capture between 85% and 95% of CO₂ emissions from industrial sources. The effectiveness depends on the technology used and how well the project is implemented. CCS is often seen as a complementary tool alongside renewable energy and energy efficiency improvements.

Are there any environmental risks associated with CCS?

The primary concern is the risk of CO₂ leakage from storage sites. However, modern CCS facilities use advanced monitoring and verification methods to detect and prevent leaks, and research shows that with proper site selection, the risk of leakage is very low.

Is CCS scalable?

Yes, CCS is scalable, but it requires significant investment in infrastructure, technology, and supportive policy frameworks. For CCS to make a meaningful impact on climate goals, more widespread adoption and financial support are needed.

What role does government policy play in advancing CCS?

Government policies can drive CCS adoption by providing incentives, establishing regulations, and investing in CCS research and infrastructure. Policies like tax credits, carbon pricing, and funding for demonstration projects are essential for promoting CCS.

Is CCS a replacement for renewable energy?

No, CCS is considered a complementary solution. While renewable energy is vital for a sustainable future, CCS can help mitigate emissions from sectors that are difficult to decarbonize and provide a bridge as the energy transition progresses.

What is Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) and how is it related to CCS?

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) involves injecting CO₂ into mature oil fields to boost oil extraction. It allows CO₂ to be reused for economic gain while also storing it underground. However, EOR’s environmental impact depends on how the recovered oil is used.